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| This section provides insights on policy trends that will help the user navigate and understand the dynamically evolving Earth Observation sector linked to the EU policies (Common Agricultural Policy, European Water Framework Directive, Europe 2050, European Green Deal, EU Biodiversity Strategy, among others). The articles are updated regularly and injected from different projects.xyz |
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| name | Built Environment |
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| id | 353375904 |
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EO Service | Description | Monitor built environment | Monitor urban areas | Observation, identification, mapping, assessment and monitoring of urban areas and their dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal resolutions. Digital imaging processing methods such basic thresholding, unsupervised classification or products such urban heat island, impervious surfaces, land use change (residential, commercial, other), building density (3D city modelling), high photovoltaic penetration at the urban scale.. | Monitor urban surroundings | Understanding human settlements on the outskirts and near rural areas. Mapping and evolution characterization of human interactions (environmental, population and habitat fragmentation, soil sealing and socio-economic) of rural areas and surroundings, urban sprawl, green urban areas. | Monitor urban green & blue areas | Monitor green and blue urban areas (in relation to urban form, energy use and carbon emissions). It is about the estimation of urban energy fluxes at a neighbourhood scale (urban energy balance) using land cover, Digital Surface Models (DSM), surface roughness parameters (such as plan area index, frontal area index, roughness length and zero-displacement height), urban ecosystem restoration, urban heat island effect, green corridors, garden monitors. | Monitor construction & buildings | Construction site surveying and progress mapping, comprising surrounding ground as well as displacements of key components of such structures. There is a need for Near Real Time (NRT) data delivery and measuring stress. | Monitor infrastructure & installations | Assess damage from industrial accidents | Assess structural integrity of the infrastructure, site suitability and vulnerability. Connection with disaster risk reduction (emergency response, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction). | Asset infrastructure monitoring | Industrial activity assessment, monitoring of functional planning zones, exploit correlation with industrial activity to improve the model of subsurface, site suitability and vulnerability, land cover, infrastructure, dyke monitoring, emergency airport planning, etc. | Map & monitor solar energy (solar farms) | Urban solar mapping and understanding the basic characteristics of solar radiation over specific monitoring locations including estimating the variability of solar radiation for site selection and grid data/operators. Solar monitoring services use time series, Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI) and Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), shadow mask. | Map & monitor wind energy (wind farms) | Understand where wind farms can be sited most cost-effectively and monitor and map wind energy fields (design and operation), wind roses, wind speed & direction. | Map & monitor hydroelectric energy | Hydrological network mapping (drainage navigation erosion) including hydropower grid monitoring and resource assessment. Water resource (reservoirs) monitoring, hydrological modelling and flood forecasting and mapping (dams). | Monitor transport networks | Map line of sight visibility (land surface) | Landscape visibility mapping and analysis, including spatial planning, terrain mapping (DTMs), land surface, map transmission and land routes. | Map & monitor transport networks | Transportation systems, interdependencies and industrial progress planning including site, soft ground and network mapping, highway environmental monitoring and assessment, identification of road or track for logistics planning. | Monitor waste | Monitor land pollution & waste management | Identifying illegal dumping and waste management and disposal for law enforcement. Landfills and dump sites emit large quantities of methane, quantify the emissions from these large sites in a single snapshot (maps) and do it frequently, surface and subsurface soil contamination monitoring, Land use/Land cover (LU/LC) maps which depict the physical characteristics of the surface, dry matter productivity, migration of pollutants and imperviousness land surface are parameters needed for this service.
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| name | Maritime & Marine |
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| id | 353375928 |
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EO Service | DescriptionTopic | Link to Article |
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| Metocean |
Forecast & monitor ocean currents and drift | Ocean water forecasting including ocean dynamics and circulation: tides and ocean currents (surface current models for tides), sea level, sea surface salinity (internal waves, eddies and frontal areas), upwelling, sea state, etc. | Forecast & monitor ocean winds and waves | Wind resource mapping, derived winds (speed, direction, stress) and waves (current veins, swell-maps, sea surface height), wave exposure (fetch, averaged directional wind speed and bathymetry). The sea surface roughness is impacted by wind (waves) and rain cells. | Forecast & map large waves | Forecasting extreme waves / tsunami, inundation forecasting (flow depth distribution), vulnerability maps, bathymetry, current velocity. | Detect & monitor hurricanes and typhoons | Monitoring atmospheric front, local weather phenomena, cloud structure, winds and waves, sea-surface temperature and sea-surface height. | Monitor ocean level & surface | Monitor (changes in) sea level, physical characteristics such as gravity, currents, temperature and salinity, ocean circulation (currents and eddies at the edges of holes and bumps), seasonal or inter-annual variations, or even longer periods (long-term rise in sea level), hindcasting. | | Monitor coastal areas | Monitor water depth or charting | Satellite derived bathymetry mapping and charting. Surveying shallow waters. | Monitor transitional water bodies | Essential environmental monitoring and management in aquatic ecosystems focus on rivers (inland waters, watershed) and lagoon/estuary-coastal region-ocean/Sea. Research projects now aiming to harmonise monitoring approaches across different water bodies. | Assess & monitor coastal water quality | Detecting and mapping suspended sediment concentrations sediment (qualitative, quantitative), turbidity (quality, quantitative), visibility, chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended sediment may be indicative of estuarine processes, re-suspension or pollution. | Predict jellyfish | Assess the impact of jellyfish in human activities through ocean physics analysis maps (salinity, currents, sea level (SS hight), temperature (SST), ocean colour), ocean biogeochemistry analysis maps (ocean chlorophyll), policy objectives (marine policy, coastal management, common fisheries policy, marine strategy framework). | | Monitor marine ecosystem | Monitor ocean quality & productivity | Assessing water-related ecosystems. Water quality status (sea surface temperature (SST), transparency or turbidity, and ocean colour ocean colour composite (chl-a, transparency, swath, qualitative, quantitative), which enable eutrophication assessments and the detection of algal bloom (phytoplankton, harmful blooms - HABs), ocean productivity (carbon content, primary production). | Monitor marine habitats | Monitoring generic life marine ecosystem (algal blooms, marine mammals...), sea surface temperature, sediments, plumes, nutrients, dredging operation, coral reef health assessment (bleaching), marine non-indigenous species (NIS), etc. | Monitor ocean acidification | Monitoring the ocean carbonate chemistry, bio-geo-chemical cycles, ocean salinity, insitu (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the water, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity and pH). | Monitor invasive species | Sargassum detection for seasonal planning (estimate drift and eventual landings on the coasts), Products such as drifting simulation modelling, together with weather and surface currents. | | Monitor fisheries | Map fish shoals | Fish-shoal location, fish population dynamics fed by-catch reports (ERS-Electronic recording and reporting system) and catch efforts estimated from VMS (Vessel Monitoring System), collection of catch reports. Other products in consideration such bathymetry, waves, current movement and drift, pollution, ocean colour, surface temperatures (SSTs), sea surface height anomalies and sea surface colour revealing the abundance of chlorophyll a). | Detect & monitor illegal fishing | Track and localization of licensed fishing vessels movements and detect suspicious activity, fleet management services (ocean colour, PP, SST, etc). | Monitor sea-ice & icebergs | Detect & monitor ice-risk at sea | Detect sea-ice and icebergs (ice cover, sea ice thickness, height of the ice surface, water body extent) during ship routing. |
Ships monitoring, detection & tracking
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Detect ships in critical areas | Detect and monitor the movement of ships and activity at associated ports and infrastructures (baseline activity), shipping and navigation. | Monitor ship movements | Monitor sea-traffic, shipping lanes, ship-source pollution, discharges, sea surface temperature (SST). | | Monitor marine pollution | Monitor pollution at sea | Monitoring turbidity & pollutants at sea such marine litter, marine plastics, hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) with relevant parameters (altimetry, sea-surface salinity, sea-surface temperature, ocean colour and sea-ice data) and policy objectives (integrated maritime policy, environmental action programme, etc). | Detect & monitor oil slicks | Detect and monitor size, extent and location of oil spills, as well as providing information on wind, current and waves to predict oil movement. The oil spill threats are on early warning stages of natural oil seepage and during the disaster monitoring and characterization). | Monitor oil rigs & flares | Monitoring of methane and other gases flared from gas flares and oil rigs, oil wells due to possible malfunctioning. Typically service accompanying forecast weather conditions.
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| name | Atmosphere & Climate |
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| id | 353375949 |
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EO Service | Description | Monitor the atmosphere | Monitor and forecast air quality & emissions (fluxes) | Pollution and greenhouse gas emission monitoring. Measuring atmospheric concentrations and characterizing the micrometeorology or using atmospheric dispersion models to back-calculate the emission rates that gave the concentrations observed. Air quality/pollution source maps (CH4, CO2, NO2 & SO2, Particulate Matter, maps of average pollutant flux PM2.5, PM10).
| Monitor atmosphere composition | Monitoring present conditions and forecasting the distribution (transportation), for a few days ahead, of both anthropogenic and naturally occurring key greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), or reactive gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), etc. | Forecasting sunlight exposure | While the solar radiation impacting the top of the atmosphere can be well modelled, the solar radiation arriving at the surface is dependent on the atmospheric transmission and turbidity and aerosol optical depth. Forecasting and risk assessment amount of solar (sunlight) radiation which reaches the surface of the planet (UV, radiation measures, models). | Monitor climate change | Assess changes in the carbon balance | Measuring carbon stocks, especially aboveground biomass and providing an overview of a range of approaches that have been developed and used to map biomass across a diverse set of conditions and geographic areas (quantifying stem volume and carbon stock changes). It also includes historical climate data. | Assess climate change risk & climate forcing | Assess current and future vulnerability to climate change including variability caused by a perturbation of the climate system and associated atmospheric composition (aerosol, ozone and greenhouse gases) driven by human activities). The radiative forcing measures the imbalance in the surface solar irradiance and is a useful predictor of globally averaged temperature change. | Forecast the weather (meteo)
| Forecast weather | Monitor and forecast weather conditions such as temperature, storms, precipitation, heat waves and tropical cyclones – as well as other hazards influenced by weather, like floods or dispersion of atmospheric or marine pollution.
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| name | Disasters & Geohazards |
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| id | 353375970 |
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EO Services | Description | Assess disasters | Topic | Link to Article |
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Disasters & geohazards (emergency) |
Map and assess flooding | Map and assess the extent of the flooding event (floods map, exposure), floodplain mapping, flood risk dynamic assessment and management of water buffer areas (overflow). Measure a variety of physical and biological parameters (incl. turbidity levels) in aquatic ecosystems over small and large areas. Products look into the flood impact and extent in phases such as early warning (early/quick/rapid detection), response and recovery monitoring. | Forecast and assess landslides | Mapping, monitoring, early warning (quick/rapid detection) and assessment of trigger events, unstable areas (rainfall influence) such as landslides (dynamic risk damage, slope instability, subsidence detection, fault and discontinuity maps (vector or raster), ground deformation and motion). Associated services include support for the evacuation of areas prone to collapse or the identification of suitable areas for urban replacement. | Assess and monitor volcanic activity | Assess ground deformation associated with volcanoes, seismic activity, volcanic eruptions (pre-eruptive, sin-eruptive, gas emissions, atmospheric ash, dispersion, heat flux). Rapid damage estimation (prevention), earthquake damage extent (loss adjuster dispatch). Impact on land cover and landscape (changes). Early warning (quick/rapid detection) and tracking of unrest / eruptive activity using satellite data in support of hazards mitigation activities. Map of the recent lava flows. | Detect and monitor wildfires | Use optical data to detect and monitor the heat emitted by the fires [forest fire risk (extent, burnt scars) under rapid damage estimation, fire weather index[1] damage, fire protection, rapid damage estimation (prevention, insurance)]. Impact on global atmospheric emissions, with biomass burning to contribute to the risk on human health (besides direct effects, PM2.5, PM10 health impacts) and also to global budgets of greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide etc. Monitoring of risk prevention factors [early warning (early/quick/rapid detection)] and issuing alerts for high risk locations. | Assess damage from earthquakes | Mapping and monitoring of seismic exposure (e.g. population distribution and density in high-seismic-hazard areas). Earthquake disaster prevention, early warning (early/quick/rapid detection), recovery (reconstruction monitoring, residual risk assessment, dynamic risk assessment, information, damage). Extracting background information on seismic, inter-seismic deformations, slip rates & active faults, stress transfer on faults, rapid damage estimation (prevention), change detection and preliminary damage map earthquake damage extent (loss adjuster dispatch). | Map disaster areas and multi hazard assessment | Assess overall disaster risk maps in an appropriate format by using space, in-situ and location-based disaster risk information, vulnerability, capacity, exposure, hazard characteristics and their possible sequential effects at the relevant social and spatial scale on ecosystems, in line with national circumstances. Products will include disaster recovery maps and rapid mapping for crises, humanitarian aid maps (population density, infrastructure, logistical information), vulnerability assessment, damage assessment. Important to note the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
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| name | Security & Safety |
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| id | 353375992 |
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EO Service | Description | Monitor critical assets | Monitor sensitive risk areas | Geospatial intelligence analysis, sensitive risk areas (mines, unexploded objects (UXO), de-mining) mapping, high risk areas mapping, precision mapping, activity detection, auxiliary research and judgment on anti-terrorism in important areas of public security. | Monitor critical infrastructure | Risk evaluation, threat analysis, vulnerability assessment, dams monitoring, water treatment monitoring facilities monitoring, oil fields monitoring, pipelines monitoring, pumping stations monitoring, airports monitoring, governmental buildings monitoring, transport networks monitoring. | Cultural heritage assessment | Mapping heritage sites and in supporting the archaeological investigation, understand the scale, impact, opportunities, responses and tools for conserving world heritage and mitigating threats, vulnerability assessment, damage assessment, risk evaluation, looting tracking. Detect ground deformation and monitor subsidence at archaeological sites, monuments and historic urban centres to detect different types of surface changes caused by erosion, floods, vegetation or human actions. | General crime & security surveillance assessment | Border control monitoring, terrorism threat risk assessment, piracy, illegal cropping analysis, cross-border state disputes analysis. | | Monitor borders | Monitor land & marine border incursions | Border area monitoring, coastal area monitoring, migration monitoring. | Assess pressures on populations and monitor humanitarian movement | Monitor movement of people, population pressures, monitoring of settlements, evolution, characterization, situation maps, migration and cleansing monitoring, population pressures, displacement of population assessment, planning of contingency operations and operations security & coordination maps (moving objects such vehicles), impact on the surrounding environment, humanitarian camps. | Monitor transport routes | Monitor economic activity, transportation of legal and illegal goods monitoring, tracking and identification (drug trafficking monitoring), smuggling location, maritime traffic assessment. | | Monitor health | Forecasting epidemics and diseases | Health maps and epidemic vector control mapping (daily disease risk maps, NDVI, land cover, soil type), environmental monitoring of endemic diseases and chronic diseases, public health emergencies disaster/danger, pollution-health risks profiling in the urban environment. | Food security & production | Food security monitoring | Map and assess the extent and intensity of the drought. support food security throughout the cycle, from design to implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive decision making. Assess a variety of physical and biological parameters in ecosystems and economy; maximize sustainable yield and productivity by providing timely and accurate information (early warning system) like; drought, insect plagues, pest and diseases, infection risks, storm damage. Monitor crop’s growth, monitor groundwater and water levels in rivers, radiation and soil, etc.
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