- Statistical information on wind speed and wind direction at the ocean surface at 10 m above sea level and at wind turbine hub-height, typically 50 to 150 m above sea level is commonly used for resource assessment. Long-term wind variability is assumed to be 5% across Europe but offshore this value is most likely lower. So, the challenge is to assess the wind speed variability on longer term and to improve the interpretation of long-term wind variability from lidar observations offshore, which are becoming the standard for long term wind measurements. It is also possible to use machine-learning techniques to extrapolate long-term satellite wind observations.
- For onshore measurements, wind speed is decisively influenced by the height and form of the terrain, as well as the roughness of the ground and terrain obstacles. Hilltop passes with a parallel axis and ridges with an axis perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction are particularly predestined to harness wind energy.
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