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As acknowledged by international institutions, among which the World Hea= lth Organisation, the emergence and re-emergence of epidemic diseases repre= sent an "on-going threat to global health security". Prevention from them t= o arise and early intervention are crucial to both reducing the impact on a= ffected population and limiting their international spread.
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Remote sensing technologies cannot directly monitor the causes of diseas= es, but they are very useful in monitoring variables to predict disease out= breaks: straightforward examples are those variables which describe climati= c and environmental changes. Other factors to be monitored are those that b= reed diseases, such as stagnant water or humidity (1). Data about monitored= variables become inputs in disease-spreading models: temperature rise, rai= nfalls, cloud cover, humid and warm air are for example important factors t= hat increase the presence of mosquitos which can spread the disease. This i= nformation can be merged with entomological data on the mosquitos=E2=80=99 = life cycle, and human and animal clinical data to produce epidemic risk map= s (2).
The combination of remote sensing information about temperature, precipi= tation, vegetation cover, health, moisture content and chlorophyll of the p= lants makes the forecasting of epidemics and diseases a much cheaper and ef= fective activity. Photosynthesis levels detected from satellites were for e= xample associated to the size of a vein in the wings of the tsetse flies of= West Africa by Prof. Rogers, an ecology and disease expert of Oxford Unive= rsity, showing the health and size of fly population (1). Another example i= s the possibility satellites offer to monitor small water bodies in urban s= uburbs: their longevity, salinity and mud content can help understanding ho= w breeding-friendly ponds and puddles can be.
As in other fields of application, satellites have a clear advantage on = ground-field analyses because they provide a large scale monitoring tool wh= ich is cheaper and faster. The wide variety of parameters needed to forecas= t epidemics correspond to a large range of satellite inputs: they come from= weather satellites, optical imagery for vegetation status, scientific miss= ions such as Envisat and the coming Copernicus Sentinels.
References
(1) Can satellites forecast epidemics? http://www.fishersci.com
(2) http://www.cnes.= fr/web/CNES-en/5074-satellite-monitoring-of-epidemics.php
Products |
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Descriptions |
Product Standards |
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disease monitoring |
malaria vector control |
MALAREO |
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Topic |
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Keywords |
Reference |
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Forecasting Malaria Epidemics |
Scientific Article |
Malaria, Health, Information |
http://www.odihpn.org/= humanitarian-exchange-magazine/issue-31/forecasting-malaria-epidemics |