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Currently there is a general consensus that the Earth's average temperat= ure is increasing. Glaciers are key indicators of climatic changes as they = show an enhanced and well recognisable reaction to even small climatic fluc= tuations. One of the consequences of global warming is the rising of global= mean average sea level which mainly results from melt water from glaciers,= ice sheets, ice caps, icebergs, and sea ice. In Europe several glaciers ha= ve completely disappeared as a result from higher temperatures. Receding gl= aciers can cause massive flooding and affect stream flow and temperature of= mountainous sheds which in turn affects habitats of various flora and faun= a species. Glacier- and permafrost-related hazards such as glacier floods a= nd avalanches represent a continuous threat to human lives and infrastructu= re. Disasters associated with the glacial and periglacial environment can c= ause thousands of casualties and massive economic loss in one event. <= /p>
The effects of climate change are being investigated on a global scale. = Satellite remote sensing proves to be a very valuable technology in the att= empt to understand the impact of melting glaciers. Various remote sensors o= perating in different spectral regions (visible, infrared, microwave) have = been widely used to study parameters such as ice thickness, surface ice vel= ocities, and changes in surface elevation over time.
Monitoring of glaciers has been organised within the Global Terrestrial =
Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) which is operated by the world glacier monitor=
ing service (WGMS). The WGMS, in turn, is part of the Global Climate/Terres=
trial Observing Systems (GCOS/GTOS) and aims to collect and publish mass-ba=
lance data of glaciers obtained by direct glaciological and geodetic method=
s as a contribution to the GTN-G. Other organisations involved in glacier r=
emote sensing include FAO, IPCC, UNEP, NOAA, =
ICSU (WDS),IUGG IACS)
Earth observation satellites are being used for preliminary inventory of= glaciers including aerial extent and position of large crevasses, and for = mapping and monitoring glacial variations especially at the glacier margins= and terminus location. Examples of satellite sensors that have been used f= or glacial monitoring include Landsat TM and ETM, Terra ASTER, SPOT Pan and= XS, IRS Pan and LISS, ERS SAR and Radarsat SAR.
Because it is suggested that melting glaciers and ice caps might provide= an even larger contribution to the global sea level rise in the coming dec= ades than the two continental ice sheets Greenland and Antarctica, earth ob= servation satellites are used to generate more complete and representative = data to get a better understanding of this phenomenon. From the mid-1970s s= atellite images have been compiled in the Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers= of the World to establish baseline information for all glaciated areas wor= ld wide. ESA is currently operating the GlobGlacier project, a new data use= r element activity within ESA=E2=80=99s Living Planet program.
The main objective of this project is to map glaciers from key regions a= ll over the world and to generate digital glacier outlines in large quantit= ies in order to fill data gaps in currently existing databases Global Land = Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) and the World Glacier Inventory (WGI).<= /p>
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glacier products |
based on high resolution multi-spectral optic= al satellite data and SAR data
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