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Satellite images of the Earth's surface yield important information for = planning seismic surveys. Using combinations of images from different porti= ons of the electromagnetic spectrum, geo-scientists can discriminate land u= se, type of vegetation, lithology, elevation and surface roughness. Pre-survey evaluation of these = remote sensing attributes establishes risk factors for source and receiver = signal quality, for vehicular and personnel access and for potential survey= damage to the environment.
Remote sensing evaluation before acquiring a land seismic survey provide= s input for all four parts of QHSE: quality, health, safety and environment= . Data from satellite surveys give map and elevation views of features on a= nd just below the surface, as well as giving an idea of the rock type. The = risk of poor-quality data because of poor earth coupling from a seismic sou= rce and to receivers can be inferred using a rock physics model of the inte= rpreted lithology.
Remote satellite sensing within the E&P industry is not restricted t= o seismic survey planning, but can also find subtle hints for the presence = of hydrocarbons. Applications for reservoir monitoring, such as for subside= nce and for CO2 planning and monitoring, also exist.
Since the results of satellite image analysis are put into a GIS system,= including the 3D nature of the data, the results can be incorporated with = subsurface information and models. Subsurface information and formation pro= perties can be incorporated in modeling packages such as the Petrel seismic= -to-simulation software(1). Integration of the surface and subsurface infor= mation into one package allows assessment of surface constraints within the= context of a shared 3D space. As this article describes, such integration = can provide valuable insights into a seismic acquisition program. It can he= lp to link subsurface structure to its surface expression of faults and fol= ds. Planning of drilling and production facilities and pipelines can accoun= t for both surface and subsurface needs, including environmental constraint= s.
Locating dangerous terrain gives a means to protect the health and safet= y of survey personnel. That information, along with interpretations of terr= ain stability, impacts the ability to safely deploy seismic acquisition veh= icles and associated equipment. Finally, remote-sensing data can iden= tify environmentally sensitive areas and minimize the negative impact on th= ese areas.
Satellite images of the Earth's surface have become familiar to many people through Web se= rvices such as Google Earth. However, remote sensing is more than just a ma= p image: Satellite images have a continuous view across an area in multiple spectral bands. = Typically, these include reflected radiation in the visible, infrared and m= icrowave bands. Some satellites also obtain radar images to map tectonic el= ements or moisture. Time-lapse satellite images allow mapping of seasonal (= or longer) changes or of subsidence.
Several satellites have surveyed the Earth's surface, with a variety of = frame or viewing sizes and resolutions. Resolution varies, both by satellit= e and by portion of the spectral band. Although the resolution of most sate= llites is insufficient to discriminate individual features such as bushes o= r boulders, remote sensing can map out regions covered by vegetation distin= ct from boulder fields, because of their different spectral reflections. Si= nce satellite images can encompass an entire land seismic survey area, this= technology is a useful tool for screening the area for hazards and for pla= nning deployment and acquisition logistics.
The most important factor affecting how a remote sensing evaluation proc= eeds is the terrain: whether it is flat, rocky, sandy, populated, farmed, c= overed with vegetation or icy (Figure Opening Art). The type of maps produc= ed can differ greatly with each location posing different risks for land-ba= sed seismic acquisition.
In a land seismic survey, the most efficient and repeatable acoustic sou= rce is a vibrator, such as a vibroseis truck. However, vibrator trucks are = large and heavy; their deployment requires careful logistical planning. In = steep terrain, there is a danger of rolling over, and in soft terrains the = truck can get stuck in sand or mud.
Other risks derive from the contact between a vibrator pad and the surfa= ce. Although a vibrator truck might be supported in a sabkha or dry riverbe= d, the crust might not sustain additional force from the vibrator. Also, so= ft sediments can have high attenuation of the acoustic source signal. At th= e other textural extreme, a hard, rock-strewn surface may also have poor co= upling because the pad contacts only a few points of the highest rocks.
Evaluating risk of poor source and receiver coupling to the Earth's surf= ace and of energy losses due to seismic-wave propagation in the near-surfac= e is important for planning = a seismic survey. These account for the majority of the degradation of = the seismic signal intended for hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir chara= cterization. Remote sensing can help develop a risk assessment because it c= an densely characterize the near-surface using optical and radar data.
Three case studies are available in very different types of geography.= p>
Mark Andersen =E2=80=93 review A. Laake; Satellite Sensing: Risk Map= ping for Seismic Surveys, Oilfield Review, Winter 2008/2009
Contributors: Steve Coulson, Ola Grabak European Space Agency, Frasc= ati, Italy, Andrew Cutts, Denis Sweeney, Gatwick, U= nited Kingdom, Ralph Hinsch, Martin Schachinger, RAG Vienna,= Austria, Andreas Laake, Cairo, Egypt, Daniel Lor= enzo, Repsol YPF, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Dave Monk, Ap= ache, Houston, Texas, USA, David Morrison, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Victor Pelayes, Repsol YPF, Neuquen= , Argentina, Jeff Towart, Apache, Cairo, Egypt,&nbs= p;
Marks: Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger. Google is a mark of Google Inc.=
Topic &nbs= p; = |
Description &nbs= p; |
Key words |
Reference = &nb= sp; |
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Gras R and Stanford N | "Integration of Surface Imagery with Subsurfa= ce Data," |
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EAGE 62nd Conference and Technical= Exhibition, Glasgow, Scotland, May 29--June 2, 2000 |
Report - Earth Observation for Monitoring and= Observing Environmental and Societal Impacts of Mineral Resources Explorat= ion and Exploitation |
Mining, environmental, societal impact, asses= sment, Geology |
Bureau de Recherches G=C3=A9ologiques et Mini= =C3=A8res (brgm) |
|
News article with examples of remote sensing = geology research |
Geology, Mineral, Remote sensing |
ASDI |
|
Geological remote sensing and multispectral image processin= g |
Research article |
Geology, Remote sensing | KECK |
Mineral Exploration= Using Satellite Images for Geological Applications |
News article on mineral exploration |
Geology, Mineral |
SIC |
GEOSAT-AR Project, Regional Geological Mapping wi= th Advanced Satellite Data in Argentina |
Research paper summarizing ASTER data charact= eristics and development of the project during its four years duration and = the main goals |
Geological mapping, Satellite data |
FCNYM |